Water notes

·         Chapter 11: Water (Notes)

sec1: Water Resources
- humans can survive for more than a month without food, can live for few days without water
1. fresh water - water that people can drink)
2. salt water - water in oceans - most human use fresh water

The Water Cycle
- water is renewable resource - circulated in water cycle
process:
- water molecules travel between Earth's surface & atmosphere
- water evaporates & leaves behind salts
- water vapor (gas) rises into the air
- gas cools & condenses into drops of liquid water - form clouds

Global Water Distribution

- 97% water is salt water in oceans
- fresh water comes from lakes and rivers & narrow zone beneath the Earth's surface

sec 2: Water Use and management
- World Health Organization - more than 1 billion people lack access to clean fresh water

Global Water Use

- fresh water used worldwide is used to irrigate crops
- availability of fresh water, population sizes, and economic conditions affect how people use water
Residential Water Use
- remainder of the water used outside the home for activities

– watering lawns and washing
cars
(Water Treatment),
arsenic, lead, which are poisonous to humans even in low
concentrations
- also removes pathogen - organism that cause illness or disease

Industrial Water Use

- needed to manuufacture everyday items
- cool power plants

Agricultural Water Use
-agriculture evaporates and never reaches plant roots
(Irrigation)
- method of providing plants with water from sources

Water Management Projects
- brought water from mountains to the dry areas
- complex
- designed to meet these needs

(Water Diversion Projects)
- Colorado River begins as a glacial stream & quickly grows larger

(Dams and Reservoirs)
- dam - structure built across a river to control river's flow
- reservoir - formed behind the dam
- dams are used to generate electrical energy
- hydroelectric dams use power of flowing water

Water Conservation
(Water Conservation in Agriculture)
- water loss comes from evaporation, seepage, runoff
-sometimes managed by computer programs that coordinate watering



- make more water available for agricultural and residential use
(Water Conservation at Home)
- water-saving technology help reduce household water use
- pay residents to install water-saving equipment

Solutions for the Future
(Desalination)
- process of removing salt from salt water

(Transporting Water)
- ships travel regularly from mainland towing enormous plastic bags of fresh water
- explore possibility of filling huge bags with water

sec 3: Water Pollution
- degrade water quality & adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water
- industrialization and rapid human population growth

Point-Source Pollution
- factory, wastewater treatment plant, leaking oil tanker
- pollution discharged from a single source
- can be identified and traced to a source
Nonpoint-Sourc Pollution
- river can be polluted by runoff from any of the land
- 96% of polluted water in US were contaminated by nonpoint sources

Wastewater
- wastewater contains biodegradable material can be broken down by living organisms
- wastewater treatment plants may not remove all the harmful substances in water
- storm-water runoff contains toxic substances
(Sewage sludge)
- When sludge contains

Artificial Eutrophication

- more plants grow, the shallow waters begin to fill in.
Eventually, the body of water becomes a swamp

Thermal Polllution
a few degrees, the amount of oxygen the water can hold decreases
significantly
(Groundwater Pollution)
- Pesticides,
herbicides, chemical fertilizers, and petroleum products are common
groundwater pollutants
- most of the

Ocean Pollution
- ships can legally dump
wastewater and garbage overboard in some parts of the ocean
- 85 percent of ocean pollution—including pollutants
such as oil, toxic wastes, and medical wastes - from land

Water Pollution and Ecosystems
- toxic chemicals spilled directly into a river can kill nearly
all living things for miles downstream
- pollutants accumulate
in the environment because they do not

 

Cleaning Up Water Pollution
- Clean Water Act of 1972 - stated purpose
of the act was to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical,
and biological integrity of the nation’s waters.”
- goal: make all surface water clean enough for fishing and swimming

 

 

Water facts

·         May:
In large parts of Africa, more than 60 percent of city dwellers are in fact slum dwellers . For many of them, water comes not from faucets inside their shacks but from water tankers or standpipes, neither of which is reliable as a water source. Open seamers increase the risk of water-borne diseases.

·         The water is so takes big part in diseases. Especially in Africa.

·          

Fred:
Corruption makes responding to the problem of scarcity more difficult. Up to 40 percent of water is lost to eater leakages in pipes and canals, one of the main causes of which is illegal tapping. The increase in the cost of water, as a result, affects the poor more than others.

When the price water increases it’s hard for the poor people to buy.

Erin:
Girls drop out of school either because they have to help fetch water or because there aren't adequate sanitary facilities in school toilets. Millions of school days are lost as result.

Girls spend their important times fetching water. If they use the time lucratively, not fetching water, the education in Africa or other poor countries will develop.            

Inaho:
Impoverished slum dwellers in Angola draw drinking water from the local river where their sewage is dumped. Farmers on the lower reaches of the colorado River struggle because water has been diverted to cities like Las Vegas and Los Angeles.

The water can’t reach to the people.

Dina:
Water scarcity affects some parts of the worlds more than others. Today, 800 million people live under a threshold of "water stress"

People is getting stress of surviving because there is not enough water for them to drink.

Ploy:
The world's water crisis has many faces. A girl in Africa walks three miles before school to fetch water from a distant well. A teenage boy in China is afflicted with terrible skim lesions because his village well is contaminated with arsenic.

It’s really hard for a african girl to fetch wate

Sonia:
As rivers dry up, lakes shrink and groundwater reserves get depleted, that figure will rise to 3 million in 2025, especially in parts of Asia and Africa. There is an urgent need to reduce waste and invest in infrastructure to "harvest" rainwater or increase storage.

Rammi: Five times as many children die each year of diarrhea as of HIV/AIDS

More water they have, the less diseases.

Jaspriya: A third of the world's population is enduring some form of water scarcity.

1/3 people are suffering because of water.  

Jessica: According to the United Nations, every day 4,500 children under the age of 5 die around the world, having fallen sick because of unclean water and sanitation.

Not enough water for people to survive.
Leila: Most water use is in agriculture. Farming uses up to 70 times more water than is used for cooking and washing. Many countries have to import more than half their food needs because they do not have enough water to grow more food. If we do not change the way we use water, the amount needed for rapidly growing world population will double in the next 50 years.

The water is really important

Half of all people in developing countries have no access to proper sanitation.

Ted: Billions of people suffer from disease, poverty and a lack of dignity and opportunity because they have no access to this basic

People can’t help these current problems because of their dignity.

Nam: water is also a crisis for women and children, because they bear the burden of collecting water. In some places, women have to walk nearly 10km to reach a water source.

Woman walks 10km to just get the water for their families.